Key Elements and Styles of Temple Architecture in Odisha
1. Pista/Pitha:
Pista, also known as Pitha, is the platform or base of a temple in Odisha. It serves as the foundation upon which the temple structure rests. Often decorated with intricate carvings, the Pista adds both aesthetic value and structural stability to the temple. Examples can be seen at the Sun Temple (Konark).
2. Bada:
The Bada refers to the vertical wall portion of an Odisha temple, comprising various sections adorned with intricate carvings and reliefs. It is a key architectural feature, serving as the main body of the temple. The Bada consists of the Pabhaga, Tala Jangha, Bandhana, Upara Jangha, and Baranda. The Lingaraj Temple in Bhubaneswar is a prime example of a temple with a well-defined Bada structure.
i. Pabhaga (Khura, Kumbha, Pata, Kani, Basanta):
Pabhaga consists of a series of horizontal moldings at the base of the temple, divided into sections like Khura (base mold), Kumbha (pot-like shape), Pata (rectangular mold), Kani (sloping edge), and Basanta (final mold). These intricate designs add beauty and stability to the temple. This feature is prominent in the Jagannath Temple (Puri).
ii. Nimna Jangha:
The Nimna Jangha or Tala Jangha refers to the lower portion of the temple walls. It often features intricate carvings of deities, animals, and mythical figures, adding to the temple's artistic grandeur.
iii. Bandhana:
Bandhana refers to the horizontal decorative bands or moldings that encircle the temple walls. These bands are typically adorned with floral motifs and geometric patterns.
iv. Uppar Jangha:
Uppar Jangha is the upper portion of the temple walls, above the Bandhana. It is often decorated with narrative reliefs depicting mythological stories and scenes from the epics.
v. Baranda:
The Baranda is a projecting cornice or molding that separates the Bada from the upper part of the temple's Gandi, often serving as a decorative transitional element.
3. Gandi:
In the context of Odishan temple architecture, the term Gandi refers to the superstructure or the upper portion of the temple, typically rising above the Bada. The Gandi is a vital element of the temple's architectural composition, adding to both its functional and aesthetic qualities.The Gandi of Odishan temples is typically pyramidal or conical in shape and consists of several layers, each contributing to the overall architectural beauty. It is constructed above the Bada.
4. Mastaka:
In the context of Odishan temple architecture, the term Mastaka refers to the uppermost part or crown of the temple's superstructure (the Gandi). It is a crucial component of the temple, playing both an architectural and symbolic role. The Mastaka is designed to provide a distinct finish to the temple's structure and often carries significant religious and cultural meaning. It is typically adorned with a series of decorative elements. It acts as a capstone or crowning glory for the temple, and its design varies depending on the specific temple and its regional style.