Styles of Temple Architecture in India
Nagara Style:
The Nagara style, prevalent in North India, is characterized by its beehive-shaped shikhara (tower), which is a prominent feature of the temple. The sanctum (garbhagriha) is usually square in shape and houses the main deity. Temples of this style often lack boundary walls and are built on raised platforms. Notable features include the amalaka (stone disc) atop the shikhara and the intricately carved exterior walls. Examples: Khajuraho Group of Monuments (Madhya Pradesh), Sun Temple (Modhera, Gujarat), and Kandariya Mahadeva Temple.
Dravida Style:
Originating in South India, the Dravida style temples are known for their pyramidal vimanas (towers) and large, elaborate gopurams (entrance gateways). These temples often have enclosed courtyards with multiple shrines. The vimanas are tiered, with each level diminishing in size. Intricate sculptures and bas-reliefs depicting mythological scenes adorn the temple walls. Famous examples include the Brihadeshwara Temple (Thanjavur), Meenakshi Temple (Madurai), and Ranganathaswamy Temple (Srirangam).
Vesara Style:
The Vesara style represents a fusion of the Nagara and Dravida architectural traditions. Found predominantly in the Deccan region, these temples feature curvilinear shikharas along with tiered vimanas. They often exhibit intricate carvings and use a mix of stone and brick materials. The ground plan typically includes multiple mandapas (halls) leading to the sanctum. Noteworthy examples include the Virupaksha Temple (Pattadakal), Hoysaleswara Temple (Halebidu), Kailashnath Temple (Ellora) and Keshava Temple (Somanathapura).
Kalingan Style:
The Kalingan style of temple architecture is unique to Odisha and is distinguished by its vertical Rekha Deula (tower) and horizontal Jagamohana (assembly hall). These temples emphasize intricate stone carvings with depictions of flora, fauna, and mythological themes. The exteriors often showcase rich iconography, including celestial nymphs, scenes from epics, and deities. Temples are constructed using laterite and sandstone. Notable examples include the Lingaraj Temple (Bhubaneswar), Jagannath Temple (Puri), and Sun Temple (Konark).