Key Elements and Styles of Temple Architecture in Odisha
Garva Muda:
The Garva Muda is a crucial architectural element in Odishan temple construction. It refers to the structural closure of the ceiling by tying together the opposite walls of the Sikhara (the temple spire). This technique forms the first roof or floor of the Sikhara, providing stability and structural support to the towering superstructure above. Positioned directly above the Garbha Griha (sanctum sanctorum), the Garva Muda serves as the immediate ceiling of this sacred chamber. Its design showcases the intricate craftsmanship and engineering prowess of ancient Odishan temple builders.
Ratna Muda:
The Ratna Muda is an architectural feature in Odishan temples, located above the Garva Muda. It is constructed using the same technique of tying opposite walls of the Sikhara to form a second layer of the ceiling. This layer adds additional stability to the towering structure of the temple. The hollow space within the Ratna Muda is often filled with materials like husk and copper plates, which not only reinforce the structure but also occasionally carry inscriptions or records detailing the temple's construction. This ingenious design highlights the advanced engineering techniques of ancient Odishan temple architecture.
Bhumi Amla:
The Bhumi Amla is a decorative architectural feature found in the Kanika Paga (vertical projections) of Odishan temple spires. These are disc-like structures that serve as ornamental designs, resembling the border of a floor. They enhance the visual appeal of the Sikhara while symbolizing the division of its vertical segments. The number of Bhumi Amlas increases with the height of the temple, reflecting the grandeur and scale of the structure. These elements showcase the intricate craftsmanship and aesthetic sensibilities of ancient Odishan temple builders.
Pidha:
The Pidha is a distinctive roof style in Odishan temple architecture, characterized by its pyramidal shape formed by horizontal tiers stacked progressively smaller as they rise. This architectural feature is prominently used in various ancillary structures of the temple complex. The Jagamohana (assembly hall) also known as Mukhasala (entrance porch), Nata Mandapa (dance pavilion), and Bhoga Mandapa (offering hall) are typically designed in the Pidha style. Its layered design not only adds aesthetic value but also ensures structural stability, reflecting the brilliance of Odishan temple craftsmanship.
Potala:
The Potala is an architectural element in Odishan temple design, referring to a cluster of tiered Pidhas arranged in a systematic, ascending order. It is a defining feature of Pidha temples, where the tiers create a striking pyramidal structure. In some temples, these tiers are separated by distinct gaps known as Kanthi, which further accentuate the layered appearance of the roof. This arrangement not only adds to the temple's aesthetic appeal but also demonstrates the intricate craftsmanship and architectural innovation of ancient Odisha.
Kanti:
The Kanti or Kanthi is a gap or horizontal separation between the tiers of Pidhas in Odishan temple architecture. It acts as a visual and structural divider, emphasizing the individual layers of the Pidha arrangement. The Kanthi adds depth and rhythm to the temple's pyramidal design, enhancing its aesthetic appeal while maintaining symmetry. This feature is particularly notable in temples where the Potala (cluster of tiered Pidhas) is prominently displayed.
Ghanta:
The Ghanta is an additional architectural feature found in the Pidha Deula style of Odishan temple architecture. It is bell-shaped and forms an integral part of the temple's Mastaka (the crowning element). Positioned above the main structure, the Ghanta enhances the temple's visual grandeur and symbolizes auspiciousness. Its inclusion reflects the intricate detailing and symbolic significance in Odishan temple design.